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Precedents

Precedents offer real, historical examples of policies in action. Whether Denmark's experience with land value taxation, Germany's experience with codetermination, or California, Seattle, and Denver's experiences with basic income, precedents can help ground economic theory in realy world experience.
Denmark has used land value taxation since 1924. The rate ranges from 0.6 to 2.4% on the land's estimated market value, payable to local authorities/country, and the land value is revalued every two years. Estonia introduced a land value tax in 1993. While the tax is national, the rates annually determined by municipalities, who receive 100% of the revenue. Rates range from 0.5 to 2% of the market value of land. Agricultural land is taxed less. Finland uses a land value tax. The rate on land with buildings ranges from 0.5 to 1% of land value, with lower rates for land with permanent housing, higher rates for land used as summer cottages, and a ‘penalty’ rate of 3% on vacant lots in urban areas. The city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, offers a strong example of a successful land value tax. In the period following Harrisburg, PA's land value tax, the number of vacant lots fell by 80%, the tax base rose from $212 million to $1.6 billion, and the crime rate fell 46%. Land or split-rate taxes exist in Denmark, Australia, parts of Indonesia, & 18 Pennsylvanian cities.
How "Smart" is the Split-Rate Property Tax? Evidence from Growth Patterns in Pennsylvania A Land Value Tax for London?
Nathan Lavery H. Spencer Banzhaf Navin Shah Tom Copley Andrew Boff Steve O'Connell Nicky Gavron
Land Value Tax
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