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Institutional Investors

Institutional investors are entities that invest money on behalf of others. These include commercial and central banks, mutual funds, and endowments. The largest institutional investors (as of 2017) included BlackRock, Vanguard, State Street, and JP Morgan Asset Management.
In 1951, 90% of stocks were owned by individual households. "Patient capital" (low-interest, long-term loans) via public financing helped Germany resist colonization by institutional investors (seeking short-term gains). “ “...in the wake of the financial crisis, many companies have shied away from investing in the future growth of their companies. Too many companies have cut capital expenditure and even increased debt to boost dividends and increase share buybacks. (Laurence Fink, BlackRock CEO)” Industries with more quasi-indexer institutional ownership and less competition invest less.
Investment-Less Growth: An Empirical Investigation Fighting Short-Termism with Worker Power
Thomas Philippon Germán Gutiérrez Susan Holmberg
Codetermination
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