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Public Goods

Public goods are commodities or services made available to all members of a society that are non-rivalrous, meaning one's use of the good or service does not diminish from another's. Examples may include national defense, infrastructure, education, or environmental protection.
The Henry George Theorem – that in cities of optimal size aggregate land rents equal expenditures on public goods – holds under three conditions: (i) for all large economies in which (ii) the spatial distribution of economic activity is Pareto optimal and in which (iii) differential land rents are well defined. Land value taxation offers a viable approach to financing public transit systems, and places the tax burden on those areas that benefit most from such public services. In German municipalities, land value tax does not increase monthly rent levels, and is associated with spillovers in amenities and provision of public goods. Raising public health insurance coverage rates increased self-employment by 15%. Allocating more government spending towards social and public goods relative to private subsidies is positively associated with entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurship and the Allocation of Government Spending Under Imperfect Markets Entrepreneurship and Public Health Insurance Tiebout Visits Germany: Land Tax Capitalization in a Sample of German Municipalities Sustaining Mass Transit through Land Value Taxation? Prospects for Chicago Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size
Asif Islam Gareth Olds Thiess Buettner Shan Jiang Christopher Zegras Joseph Stiglitz Richard J. Arnott
Social Wealth Fund Basic Income Land Value Tax
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